Analysis of durability and replacement of vocal prostheses in total laryngectomy patients at a head and neck surgery referral center.

PURPOSE: The use of tracheoesophageal prostheses has become the gold standard in vocal rehabilitation of patients undergoing total laryngectomy. However, this method also has limitations, such as the need for frequent replacement of prostheses due to leakage or other complications. We have designed a study to access the clinical profile of patients using tracheoesophageal prostheses as vocal rehabilitation after total laryngectomy and to determine the average rate of changes, as well as the main causes of prostheses replacement. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was performed based on patients who underwent rehabilitation with voice prostheses after total laryngectomy between 2008 and 2017. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 93 patients and 432 vocal prostheses replacement events. The median change of prostheses per patient was 210.25 days, (range 57.33 to 651.50). The most frequent cause of prostheses replacement was leakage through the prostheses, 218 (50.46%). Lower level of education was associated to higher prostheses replacement rate. CONCLUSION: The results of this study show that the median of prostheses durability is higher than that presented in the literature, the main cause of replacement was protheses leakage and that low educational level is associated to higher replacement rate.

Socioeconomic Influence on Speech Rehabilitation After Total Laryngectomy.

OBJECTIVE: Speech rehabilitation following a total laryngectomy significantly impacts the quality of life. Indwelling prosthetic voice restoration provides optimal outcomes; however, the long-term maintenance of these devices carries considerable financial costs, which are not universally covered by insurance. This investigation aimed to analyze associations between socioeconomic factors and outcomes in postlaryngectomy speech rehabilitation. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort analysis. SETTING: Academic tertiary-care center from May 2014 to September 2021. METHODS: In patients undergoing total laryngectomy, the incidence of tracheoesophageal puncture with indwelling vocal prostheses (TEP-VP) placement within the first postoperative year was compared among household income, demographic factors, and disease characteristics. Functional and maintenance outcomes served as secondary endpoints. RESULTS: Seventy-seven patients were included. Forty-five (58%) underwent indwelling TEP-VP (41 primaries). Eighty-nine percent of patients with annual incomes greater than $50k underwent TEP-VP compared to only 35% with incomes less than $50k/year. TEP-VP was performed in 85% of patients with commercial insurance, 70% with Medicare, 42% with Medicaid, and 0% with no insurance. On multivariate analysis, annual household incomes greater than $50k were predicted for TEP-VP placement (odds ratio: 12.7 [2.45-65.8], p = .002). The utilization of postoperative speech therapy and functional communication outcomes were similar among socioeconomic groups. Twelve patients were unable to afford supplies within the first year, with differences noted among insurance (p = .015) and income status (p = .003). CONCLUSION: Disparities in vocal and speech rehabilitation following laryngectomy may disproportionally affect underserved patients.

An experimental model of the pharyngoesophageal segment in tracheoesophageal phonation.

Tracheoesophageal (TE) speech is an important method of speech rehabilitation for those who undergo a total laryngectomy. Despite the many advantages over other methods, there is still room for improvement in terms of the overall quality of the TE voice as well as its success rate. These points could be greatly assisted by an improved knowledge on the mechanics of TE speech. Here, an experimental model of the pharyngoesophageal segment (PES), based on the idea of a collapsible tube, is proposed. To implement the model, considerable simplifications had to be made, most notably in the use of a thin flexible tube to represent the PES. The model was used to assess the minimum amount of tonicity required for the onset of phonation in terms of the flow rate and longitudinal tension. Additionally, comparisons with a mathematical model [Tourinho, da Silva, dos Santos, Thomaz, and Vieira, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 149, 1979-1988 (2021)] have been made, yielding similar trends for sufficiently large flow rates. The measurements also suggest that the phonation frequency is most affected by the tonicity of the PES, which highlights the question of which physiological mechanism is responsible for the control of the fundamental frequency of phonation.

The French way of voice rehabilitation post total laryngectomy: current clinical practices and tendencies.

BACKGROUND: Vocal rehabilitation post total laryngectomy (TL) lacks clinical guidelines, especially with the presence of multiple modalities. OBJECTIVES: To describe the tendencies of vocal rehabilitation post TL in France and compare it with other countries. We try to identify the most practiced modalities and recognize statistically significant influencing factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An electronic anonymous survey was answered by 75 ENT surgeons from France. The survey outlined the common practiced vocal rehabilitation modalities and had two versions depending on if the participant practices the tracheoesophageal speech (TES) or not. RESULTS: 96% use TES in their practice. Single modality TES and double modality TES with esophageal speech (ES) are the two most practiced modalities. 99% agreed that there is no age limit for the TES. Single modality ES was offered 92% more when more than 10 TL were performed per year (p < .05). No influencing factors found for single modality TES or double modality TES with ES (p > .05).Conclusion: In line with tendencies from other countries, the TES is the most practiced modality of vocal rehabilitation coupled or not with the ES. TES has no age limit as per our participants. The least practiced modality is the singe modality ALS.

Improving Hands-Free Speech Rehabilitation in Laryngectomized Patients with a Moldable Adhesive.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to assess the product performance of a new moldable peristomal adhesive with corresponding heating pad designed to facilitate and improve automatic speaking valve (ASV) fixation for hands-free speech in laryngectomized patients. METHODS: Twenty laryngectomized patients, all regular adhesive users with prior ASV experience, were included. Study-specific questionnaires were used for data collection at baseline and after two weeks of moldable adhesive use. The primary outcome parameters were adhesive lifetime during hands-free speech, use and duration of hands-free speech, and patient preference. Additional outcome parameters were satisfaction, comfort, fit, and usability. RESULTS: The moldable adhesive enabled ASV fixation adequate for hands-free speech in the majority of participants. Overall, the moldable adhesive significantly increased adhesive lifetime and duration of hands-free speech compared to participants' baseline adhesives (p < 0.05), regardless of stoma depth, skin irritation, or regular use of hands-free speech at baseline. The participants who preferred the moldable adhesive (55% of participants) experienced a significant increase in the adhesive lifetime (median of 24 h, range 8-144 h) and improved comfort, fit, and ease of speech. CONCLUSION: The moldable adhesive's lifetime and functional aspects, including the ease of use and custom fit, are encouraging outcomes and enable more laryngectomized patients to use hands-free speech more regularly. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4 Laryngoscope, 133:2965-2970, 2023.

Effect of the nasal airflow inducing manoeuvre on olfaction and quality of life after laryngectomy.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness of the nasal airflow inducing manoeuvre or 'polite yawn' technique in improving olfaction and quality of life in laryngectomised patients. METHODS: Using a prospective study design, 42 patients scheduled to undergo laryngectomy at a tertiary care centre were subjected to olfaction testing before surgery and two weeks following the surgery. The nasal airflow inducing manoeuvre was taught, and the olfaction test was repeated with the patient performing the nasal airflow inducing manoeuvre. Quality of life was assessed using the Appetite, Hunger and Sensory Perception questionnaire with calculation of scores after the patient had learnt the nasal airflow inducing manoeuvre. RESULTS: There was a significant reduction in the composite olfaction score, from a mean (standard deviation) baseline value of 4.01 (1.39) to 0.44 (0.51), two weeks after surgery (p < 0.001). After practising the nasal airflow inducing manoeuvre, the olfaction scores increased to 3.05 (1.32) (p < 0.001). Appetite, Hunger and Sensory Perception questionnaire scores ranged from 52 to 110 (normal range, 29-145), suggesting an improvement in the quality of life of patients. CONCLUSION: The nasal airflow inducing manoeuvre, an inexpensive, simple, patient-friendly manoeuvre, can be used in the olfaction rehabilitation of patients undergoing laryngectomy.

The Dynamic Tracheoesophageal Prosthesis Length.

OBJECTIVE: In a postlaryngectomy patient, tracheoesophageal (TE) speech is considered to be the most effective and preferred method of communication. Previous research has demonstrated that despite an appropriately sized TE prosthesis placement at the time of puncture, there are a portion of patients that require resizing postoperatively. The purpose of this study was to report on the variability of the tracheoesophageal prosthesis length. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective chart review. SETTING: Tertiary care academic medical center. METHODS: This was a retrospective chart review of 62 patients who underwent secondary tracheoesophageal puncture (TEP) at a tertiary care academic medical center from January 2008 to November 2019. Patient demographic information, average changes in prosthesis length, number of prosthesis adjustments, and timing of prosthesis exchanges were collected. RESULTS: 62 patients met criteria for study inclusion. Mean age was 61.96 years old with 49 being male (79%) and 13 (21%) females. Overall change in prosthesis length was - 3.85 mm ± 3.58 with time to first prosthesis change at 2.29 months ± 2.73. There was an average of 4.37 changes ± 3.43 before reaching a stable length. Twenty-six patients (41.9%) had increases in their prosthesis length resulting in closure of the tracheoesophageal fistula requiring seven patients (11.3%) to return to the operating room for repuncturing. History of smoking (P = 0.02), Blom-Singer prosthesis type (P = 0.03), and larger diameter (P = 0.01) appeared to be predisposing factors for a fluctuating prosthesis length. CONCLUSION: Tracheoesophageal prosthesis length decreases over time for secondary punctures, requiring adjustments with a speech language pathologist. There are a clinically significant portion that have fluctuations in prosthesis length resulting in an increased risk for requiring re-puncturing.

Voice-Related Quality of Life Outcomes from Pneumatic Artificial Laryngeal and Esophageal Speakers.

The self-reporting voice-related quality of life (V-RQOL) instrument has been viewed as a modular index of quality of life for speakers using tracheoesophageal, esophageal (ES), or electrolaryngeal speech. However, V-RQOL has never been studied with pneumatic artificial laryngeal (PA) individuals. This study attempted to quantify the self-assessed voice-related performance of PA and ES speakers in Taiwan via the V-RQOL questionnaire, and further to compare the results for PA and ES speakers. METHODS: V-RQOL was assessed in 79 PA and 25 ES speakers undergoing total laryngectomy without using tracheoesophageal puncture. Data were collected from members of Taiwan's Association of Laryngectomees. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between PA and ES participants in social-emotional, physical functioning and total scores, suggesting both may consider their quality of life comparable with each other. In ES participants, there was a significant effect of time after total laryngectomy in physical functioning and total scores. CONCLUSIONS: PA speakers did not exhibit more dissatisfaction or disability than ES speakers on 10 statements in the V-RQOL, but after total laryngectomy the ES have been shown to improve over time. Information on the experience of PA and ES speakers could be used by clinicians to inform patients of potential outcomes, and help them select suitable rehabilitation techniques.

Intelligibility of pseudo-whispered speech after total laryngectomy.

This study aimed to assess the intelligibility of so-called 'pseudo-whispered speech' (pseudo-WS), as produced without voice nor pulmonic airstream by some alaryngeal patients prior to rehabilitation. Several perception tests were submitted to three experienced clinicians and three naive listeners, relying on the speech samples of 20 French native speakers: 10 alaryngeal speakers, solely using pseudo-WS when starting speech therapy up to six months after total laryngectomy, and 10 control speakers, recorded in the closest speech mode available, whispered speech (WS). Experts were asked to identify consonants (C) in the /a/+C+/a/ context and to rate intelligibility, unintended additive noise, and fluency on a likert-scale, while naive listeners completed a quantitative test of intelligibility. Intelligibility of WS was found to be high, with scores ranging from 46.33/54 to 53.67/54 (median 52.5, interquartile range 2.33) for the quantitative test, and segmental intelligibility ranging from 68.75% to 94.79% (median 87.5, interquartile range 17.71). Segmental confusion affected voicing in favour of unvoiced consonants, as previously reported in the literature. By contrast, intelligibility of pseudo-WS was found to be poor, with scores ranging from 1/54 (unintelligibility) to 28.33/54 (median 8.66, interquartile range 14.67) for the quantitative test, and segmental intelligibility ranging from 3.13% to 28.13% (median 9.24, interquartile range 14.58). Segmental intelligibility was not uniformly affected: stops, labials and unvoiced consonants were better identified than other categories. Finally, a significant correlation was found between global intelligibility and articulatory precision, while unintended additive noise and fluency seemed to play no role.

Has Esophageal Speech Returned as an Increasingly Viable Postlaryngectomy Voice and Speech Rehabilitation Option?

PURPOSE: The literature on postlaryngectomy voice and speech rehabilitation is long-standing. Although multiple rehabilitation options have existed over the years, the acquisition and use of esophageal speech (ES) has decreased significantly over the past 40 years. This reduction coincides with the increased application of tracheoesophageal puncture (TEP) voice restoration. The literature suggests that voice acquisition failures observed secondary to TEP may represent a similar phenomenon that led to ES acquisition failures. METHOD: A comprehensive review of the literature on ES and TEP voice/speech was conducted. Specific attention was directed toward information on ES and TEP speech failures. Information on pharyngoesophageal segment (PES) spasm in the context of ES and TEP voicing failures was of specific importance. RESULTS: Similarities between voicing failures with both ES and TEP were identified. In order to resolve spasm in TEP speech, proactive efforts to eliminate it were undertaken, and regardless of the method used, voicing improvements were observed. These data suggest that both ES and TEP speech acquisition failures may be related to the same control mechanisms influencing the PES. CONCLUSIONS: The elimination of PES spasm provides evidence that justifies the reconsideration of ES. Consequently, ES may return as an increasingly viable postlaryngectomy voice and speech rehabilitation option.

[Olfactory rehabilitation via retronasal olfaction using a tracheoesophageal voice prosthesis after total laryngectomy. German version]. / Olfaktorische Rehabilitation durch retronasales Riechen über die tracheoösophageale Fistel nach totaler Laryngektomie.

BACKGROUND: Despite the variety of existing methods for olfactory rehabilitation after total laryngectomy, olfactory disability remains one of the main factors limiting quality of life for laryngectomees. OBJECTIVE: Considering the need for a socially acceptable rehabilitation method that is suitable for everyday use, this study sought to elucidate whether retronasal olfaction during phonation through a tracheoesophageal voice prosthesis is possible. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The odor identification of 22 laryngectomees was assessed using the Sniffin' Sticks test battery (12 odors), while performing an established method of olfactory rehabilitation-"polite yawning"-or while transnasal expiration or phonation through the tracheoesophageal fistula (TF). To facilitate the latter, a novel Expiratory Nasal Airflow M­Maneuver (ENAMM) was developed. RESULTS: All 21 non-anosmic laryngectomees included in the study were able to identify odors retronasally. While only 6 of 22 patients (27.3%) could perform the nasal expiration through the TF, all patients could easily perform phonation using ENAMM after proper instruction. The odor identification scores with the ENAMM technique did not statistically differ from ones with "polite yawning" (5.4 ± 3.1 vs. 6.4 ± 3.2, p = 0.279). The ENAMM was easy to learn and showed a tendency of increasing olfactory scores over time, possibly due to a learning effect. CONCLUSIONS: Study results show that retronasal olfaction using a voice prosthesis after total laryngectomy is possible and suggest the potential of ENAMM as a method of olfactory rehabilitation for laryngectomy patients.

Effects of Nasal Airflow-Inducing Maneuver in Total Laryngectomy Patients Based on Changes to Olfactory Test Results: A Retrospective Study.

INTRODUCTION: This study aims to retrospectively examine temporal changes in three aspects, i.e., olfactory threshold test, olfactory identification test, and olfactory perception on daily living test, caused by the use of the nasal airflow-inducing maneuver (NAIM). METHODS: The olfactory threshold test (Sniffin' Sticks test), olfactory identification test (Open Essence [OE]), and olfactory perception on daily living test (self-administered odor question; SAOQ) were administered to 46 patients who had undergone a total laryngectomy (NAIM Start group: 17; Using group: 19; and Nonuse group: 10). The tests were immediately performed after the NAIM and again after an average of 8 months. RESULTS: In the NAIM Start group, all olfactory functions significantly improved in the second test compared with the first test (Sniffin' Sticks test and OE, p < 0.01 for both; self-administered, p < 0.05). Additionally, in terms of the intergroup changes among scores for the Sniffin' Sticks test and OE, the NAIM Start group showed a significant difference compared with all of the other groups (Start group > Using and Nonuse group, p < 0.01). The NAIM Using group did not exhibit any significant changes. In the NAIM Nonuse group, olfactory identification function was lower in the second test compared with the first test and showed a trend toward a significant difference (OE, p < 0.1). Temporal changes in SAOQ showed a significant increase in all intragroup comparisons. However, there were no significant differences observed in terms of the changes between the groups. CONCLUSION: The results demonstrated that even in those who were not using NAIM and undergoing olfactory rehabilitation after laryngectomy (NAIM Start group), the subsequent daily use of NAIM and voluntary rehabilitation aided in the recovery of olfactory function to the same level as that in the already using NAIM group. SAOQ results were considered because of the experimenter effect and they appeared to be unrelated to use NAIM. This study showed that in total laryngectomy patients who did not receive olfactory rehabilitation, olfactory identification was reduced.

A novel technique for management of stenosis of the postlaryngectomy stoma with preservation of a functional tracheoesophageal puncture following tracheal resection.

Tracheostomal stenosis following total laryngectomy presents a serious concern for surgeons and patients. Although various techniques correct tracheostomal stenosis, none address an existing tracheoesophageal puncture (TEP). We present an approach to repair tracheostomal stenosis, requiring tracheal resection, and preserve the TEP in a functional position needed for speech rehabilitation. A 62-year-old male with squamous carcinoma of the right true vocal fold underwent a salvage total laryngectomy with placement of a tracheoesophageal prosthesis. Seven years later, he developed tracheal narrowing. A tracheal resection and tracheoplasty were performed to manage the stenosis while maintaining the tracheoesophageal puncture. Six months postoperatively, the patient was well, with no stomal narrowing or trend toward collapse and uneventful healing. He achieved fluent voice easily with stomal occlusion. We present a novel surgical technique to correct for tracheostomal stenosis following total laryngectomy. Our technique allows for TEP preservation to facilitate speech rehabilitation postoperatively.

Long-term outcomes and cost-effectiveness of a magnet-based valve voice prosthesis for endoprosthesis leakage treatment.

PURPOSE: Tracheoesophageal speech is considered the gold standard for rehabilitation following total laryngectomy. The main reason of voice prosthesis failure is the endoprosthesis leakage. Provox ActiValve® incorporates a magnet-based valve system to achieve active closure of the valve to treat these leakages, with the drawback of being significantly more expensive. The aim of the study was to compare the Provox Vega® and Provox ActiValve® duration and costs in patients with replacements increase due to endoprosthetic leakage. METHODS: Prospective case-crossover study in laryngectomized patients with Provox Vega® and endoprosthesis leakage to whom a Provox ActiValve® was placed. Survival and possible factors that affect voice prosthesis were studied using Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox Proportional Hazards Regression. Cost-effectiveness analysis from the perspective of the Spanish Public National Health System with incremental cost-effectiveness calculation was performed. RESULTS: A total of 159 prostheses were evaluated. The most frequent reason for replacement was the endoprosthesis leakage (N = 129; 83.77%) in both models. The mean duration-time of Provox Vega® was 44.77 ± 2.82 days (CI 95%, 39.18-50.35; median 36 days), and 317.34 ± 116.8 days (CI 95% 86.66-548; median 286 days) for the Provox ActiValve® (p < 0.000). For every replacement not made thanks to the Provox ActiValve® there was saving of 133.97€ CONCLUSIONS: The Provox ActiValve® is a cost-effective solution in patients with increased prosthesis replacements due to endoprosthetic leakage, reducing the number of changes and cost compared to Provox Vega®.

Prosthetic voice rehabilitation after laryngoesophagectomy: surgical and functional outcomes.

PURPOSE: Quality of Life (QoL) after extensive head and neck resections is of paramount importance, especially after pharyngolaryngectomy or pharyngolaryngoesophagectomy where complex digestive tract reconstruction is required (with gastric pull-up or colon transposition). Tracheodigestive puncture (TDP) is the only vocal restoration option in this group of patients. The aim of this study is to evaluate postoperative complications, vocal outcomes, voice-related and swallowing-related QoL after secondary TDP in this cohort of patients. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted in the tertiary referral center of Verona Hospital between June 2014 and June 2020. Patient demographics, clinical and surgical data were assessed. Speech objective and subjective evaluation was performed. QoL was assessed with Voice Handicap Index-10 (VHI-10) and M.D. Anderson Dysphagia Inventory (MDADI) questionnaires. RESULTS: Seven patients met the inclusion criteria, but two had died before questionnaires were administered. No intraoperative complications were noted after TDP surgery. There were delayed complications in four cases (57.1%) and all were treated with restoration. Intelligible voice was restored in all patients. Maximum phonation time and maximal voice intensity recorded were 5.42 ± 3.27 s and 65.20 ± 5.45 dB, respectively. Acceptable average VHI-10 and MDADI scores were obtained in all patients. CONCLUSIONS: Secondary TDP performed after gastric pull-up or colon transposition reconstructions are feasible and effective procedures. An intelligible voice was restored in all patients, with satisfactory patient-perceived voice-related and dysphagia-related quality-of-life outcomes.

Informing patient choice and service planning in surgical voice restoration: valve usage over three years in a UK head and neck cancer unit.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the number, reasons and costs of surgical voice restoration related tracheoesophageal valve attendances over 36 months at a head and neck oncology unit. METHOD: Demographic, medical and valve related details from all patient contacts were recorded, including self-change information, urgent appointment information, modifications required and costs of prostheses. RESULTS: Over 3 years, 99 patients underwent 970 valve changes. The main reasons for changes were central leakage, prophylactic change and self-change at home. Changes were significantly more frequent in the first 12 months (mean, 42 days) compared with longstanding patients (mean, 109.96). Intervals between changes were unpredictable; no predictive factors reached statistical significance. Mean expenditure on valves was £966.63 per week (including value added tax and in-house customisation). CONCLUSION: Valve lifespan is comparable with outcomes in similar units despite more pre-emptive and patient-led changes and more comprehensive data inclusion. Investigation into how patient satisfaction and costs relate to valve selection and units' service delivery models is needed.

Rehabilitación olfatoria en pacientes laringectomizados: maniobra de inducción del flujo aéreo nasal / Olfactory rehabilitation in laryngectomized patients: nasal airflow inducing maneuver

Resumen Introducción: La laringectomía total (LT) tiene como secuela la perdida de la voz, pero otra consecuencia no estudiada es la pérdida del olfato. Objetivo: Demostrar que la "maniobra de inducción del flujo aéreo nasal" (MIFAN) rehabilita el olfato en pacientes con LT. Material y Método: Estudio cuasiexperimental antes-después en pacientes laringectomizados por cáncer de laringe del Servicio de Otorrinolaringología del Hospital Barros Luco Trudeau (HBLT) de Santiago de Chile. Evaluación a través de encuesta, examen físico, nasofibroscopía y test olfatométrico. Pacientes con alteración del olfato por transmisión serán enrolados y se enseñará la MIFAN. Resultados: Se estudiaron 12 pacientes: 10 hombres, 2 mujeres. Edad promedio 66,3 años, todos autovalentes. 66,6% presentó anosmia y 33,3% hiposmia. Todos lograron realizar la maniobra. Posrehabilitación el 100% presentó presencia de olfato valorada por olfatometría. Población intervenida similar a otras series en cuanto a sexo y edad. La erigmofonación facilita la rehabilitación con MIFAN. La rehabilitación del olfato se logró en todos y paralelamente mejoró el sentido del gusto. Conclusión: La MIFAN es una técnica sencilla, barata y asequible para lograr rehabilitar el sentido del olfato en pacientes laringectomizados.

Abstract Introduction: Total laryngectomy (TL) has as a consequence the loss of voice, but another not studied consequence is the loss of smell. Aim: To demonstrate that the "nasal airflow inducing maneuver" (NAIM) rehabilitates smell in patients with TL. Material and Method: A quasi-experimental before-after study in laryngectomized patients for laryngeal cancer from the Otorhinolaryngology Service (ENT) of the Barros Luco Trudeau Hospital (BLTH) at Santiago, Chile. Evaluation through survey, physical examination, nasofibroscopy and olfactory test. Patients with transmission impairment of smell were enrolled and NAIM was performed. Results: 12 patients were studied: 10 men, 2 women. Average age 66.3 years. All self-supporting. 66.6% presented anosmia and 33.3% hyposmia. They all managed to perform the maneuver. Post-rehabilitation, 100% presented the presence of smell assessed by olfactometry. Intervened population similar to other series in terms of sex and age. Esophageal speech facilitates NAIM rehabilitation. Rehabilitation of smell was achieved in all of them and in parallel, the sense of taste improved. Conclusion: NAIM is a simple, cheap and affordable technique to rehabilitate the sense of smell in laryngectomized patients.